Introduction: Use of an adhesive with a suitable composite resin is an important factor in tooth-colored restorations and increasing marginal sealing ability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microleakage of various adhesives with composite resins using FLUID FILTRATION and dye extraction techniques and assessment of the correlation between these two techniques.Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, class II cavities were prepared on the proximal surfaces of 48 extracted sound human premolar teeth, measuring 1.5±0.5 mm in gingival width, 4 mm in occluso-gingival height and 1.3 of the inter-cuspal distance in width. The samples were divided into four groups (n=12). Group 1; OptiBond Solo Plus adhesive/Herculite XRV composite resin; Group 2: OptiBond Solo Plus adhesive/Master Dent composite resin; Group 3: Prime & Bond NT adhesive/Herculite XRV composite resin; Group 4: Prime & Bond NT adhesive/Master Dent composite resin. Microleakage was assessed primarily by FLUID FILTRATION and then by dye extraction techniques. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, with Bonferroni correction and Spearman's rho correlation test at 95% confidence interval.Results: The minimum and maximum mean microleakage values were recorded in FLUID FILTRATION and dye extraction techniques groups 1 and 4, respectively. There were significant differences between the experimental groups in microleakage with the two methods of leakage assessment (p value=0.001). Spearman's rho revealed a strongly direct correlation between the two methods (r=0.797, p value=0.000).Conclusion: In both methods of microleakage assessment, use of ethanol-based in comparison to acetone-based adhesive resulted in microleakage reduction. Application of light-cured composite resin contrary to self-cured composite resin with both types of adhesives increased marginal sealing ability.

Introduction: MTA Fillapex and iRoot SP are two new sealers which have very similar characters to MTA. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare apical seal of the obturated canals with the iRoot SP, MTA Fillapex and AH-Plus sealers.Materials & Methods: Seventy two freshly extracted single root canal human premolars were selected for this study. The canals were instrumented with hand files using step back technique. Six specimens were assigned for positive control and six for negative control groups. The rest of the specimens were randomly divided into three groups of 20 and obturated with gutta percha and one of the aforementioned sealers. Microleakage in all groups was assessed, 2 weeks and 3 months after obturation of canals, by means of FLUID FILTRATION. The data were analyzed using repeated measurement and post-hoc Tukey test. The level of significance was set at P<0.05.Result: In none of the assessment intervals, there was a significant difference between AH-plus and MTA Fillapex. iRoot SP had less microleakage compared to other groups significantly (P<0.001). Microleakage assessments revealed no significant differences between 2 weeks and three months in all groups.Conclusion: iRoot SP sealer had significantly less microleakage compared to MTA Fillapex and AH-Plus.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the scaling ability of Real Seal (RS) and Gutta-percha (GP).Materials and Methods: Forty nine extracted human maxillary central incisors were used. The coronal part of each tooth was removed; the root canal was prepared using the crown dOW11technique and apical enlargement to rotary file # 40. The specimens were randomly divided in to 3 groups of 15 each and two control groups of 2 each. Group 1, was obturated with RS and group 2 and 3 were obturated with GP and AH26 sealer by lateral condensation technique. In group I and 3 the smear layer was removed by 5mL of 5.25% NaOCl and 3mL of 17% EDTA. Leakage of the obturated roots was measured using the FLUID FILTRATION technique. This method was done at 2 min intervals for 8 min. data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests.Results: Statistical analysis indicated significant differences between groups 2 with I and 3. The most leakage value was observed in the group 2.Conclusion: Root canal filling with RS or GP in combination with smear layer removal showed better sealing. Therefore, the smear layer has more effect one apical leakage than the obturation system.

Introduction: There are several methods for evaluating microleakage in dentistry, for example dye or bacterial leakage, electro-chemical methods, radioisotope labeling and FLUID FILTRATION.The purpose of this study was to assemble the FLUID FILTRATION system for quantitative evaluation of microleakage in dental materials.Materials and Methods: The roots were connected to a tube filled with an underwater pressure supply. A bubble was introduced into the water to measure endodontic leakage. A digital camera and professional software were utilized to record and measure the bubble displacement.Results: Our system was constructed successfully and functioned correctly. Conclusion: In this pilot study we found this system efficient for the evaluation of microleakage of dental materials.

Introduction: The quality of root canal treatment depends on the sealing ability of root canal obturation materials. Sealers help create an impenetrable seal. This study aimed to compare the sealing ability of AH Plus and Sure-Seal Root sealers by the FLUID FILTRATION technique. Methods: This in-vitro study evaluated 80 extracted human mandibular second premolars. After initial preparation, the teeth were randomly divided into two experimental groups (n=35) and positive and negative control groups (n=5). The experimental groups were obturated with AH Plus sealer and Sure-Seal Root sealer. The AH Plus and the Sure-Seal Root groups were obturated with the lateral condensation technique and the single-cone technique, respectively. Apical leakage was assessed at two intervals of 1 week and 3 months, evaluated by the FLUID FILTRATION technique, and compared between the two groups using Student’, s t-test. Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups in 7 days. However, after 90 days, the AH Plus group exhibited significantly less leakage than the Sure-Seal Root group. The microleakage of AH Plus decreased over time (P<0. 05). Conclusion: In this study, AH Plus exhibited significantly better sealing ability than Sure-Seal Root in the long term.

Background. The present study aimed to evaluate the sealing ability of three different calcium silicate-based materials in furcation perforations. Methods. Seventy-six human mandibular molar teeth were selected. Perforations were created in the center of the pulp chamber floor. The experimental teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n = 22). Perforations were repaired with MTA Angelus, Endocem MTA, or EndoSequence BioCeramic Root Repair Material Fast Set Putty (BC-RRM Putty). Microleakage of the different repair materials to be tested was measured by computerized FLUID FILTRATION method at 24-and 72-hour intervals. Results. For each time interval, no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. For Endocem MTA and BC-RRM Putty groups, the difference between the leakage values measured at both periods was not statistically significant (P > 0. 05). However, there was a significant difference for the MTA Angelus group (P < 0. 05). Conclusion. All the calcium silicate-based materials used in the present study showed similar performance in repairing furcation perforations at 24-and 72-hour intervals.

Introduction: The goal of apical surgery is to eliminate the root apex, apical lesions and promote tissue repair. In apical surgery, the root is resected at an angle of 45, 60 or 90 degree. In many cases, it is not possible to resect the root at 90-degree bevel and prepare a root-end cavity with 4-mm depth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the simultaneous effect of apical resection angle and depth of the retrograde filling with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) on apical microleakage. Methods and Materials: Root ends were resected at 45 degree, 60 degree and 90 degree bevels in 110 extracted human single root permanent teeth. For each apical surgery, root-end cavities were filled with MTA to depths of 2 mm, 3 mm and 4 mm. Root end-filled teeth were mounted in FLUID FILTRATION device. The evaluation was conducted after 24-h, 1 week, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months. Each group included 10 samples. Also 20 roots were used as positive and negative control samples, in the negatives the entire root surface was coated with 2 layers of nail varnish and positives were unfilled root-end preparation. Statistical analysis consisted of the Kruskal-Wallis test and Pairwise comparison. Results: There were no significant differences in apical microleakage after 24 h and 1 week in the experimental groups. In the 3rd month, samples with 90° bevel and 4-mm-thick MTA showed significant statistical differences with all samples with 45° and 60° bevels and depths of 2-and 3-mm-thick MTA (P<0. 05). Conclusions: This in vitro study showed that when the resection angle is 90° , retrograde depth does not affect microleakage, but resection angles other than 90° , require 4 mm-retrograde depth to be sealed.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the apical sealing ability of cold lateral condensation and Obtura II by using FLUID FILTRATION method.Methods: Thirty four single-canal mandibular premolars with mature apices and apical curvature less than 20 degrees were selected.For obtaining complete similarity among samples, all teeth were shortened to 15 mm by cutting the remained crown. For canal preparation, the manual step-back technique by K-files was used. The teeth were divided into two experimental groups (each group included 15 teeth), positive controls (n=2), and negative controls (n=2). Teeth in group 1 and 2 were obturated with cold lateral condensation and Obtura II, respectively. To allow the sealer to set, all teeth were stored at 100% humidity and 37oC for the next seven days. For measurement of apical leakage, FLUID FILTRATION method was used. The amount of leakage in each canal was recorded asL/min/cm H2O. Independent T-test was used for statistical analysis.Results: Teeth obturated with cold lateral condensation showed significantly more leakage than those obturated with Obtura II (P value=0.022).Conclusions: Obtura II may obtain better apical seal than cold lateral condensation.

Background and Objectives: Proper seal is needed for successful endodontic treatments such as apical plug treatment. Some of studies have shown that tissue FLUID can affect the sealing ability adversely. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of Calcium Enriched Mixture (CEM) cement apical plug in dry, blood contaminated and saliva contaminated canals. Subjects and Methods: Seventy single root and single canal extracted human teeth were decornated from cementoenamel junction(CEJ) preparation of apical area were done up to #40 K-file using step back method and coronal area was enlarged up to #80 k-file. After open apex condition reconstruction and creation of dry, blood-or saliva-contaminated canal condition, CEM cement apical plug was inserted into the canal. After full setting of CEM cement, the remnant of canal space was obturated using gutta percha and AH26 sealer. Microleaksge value was evaluated with FLUID FILTRATION method and data were analyzed using and Kruska-lWalis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: Based on our data, the microleakage values were 26. 96, 44. 36 and 27. 00 (10⁻ ⁴ ×μ L/min/CmH2O) in dry, blood contaminated and saliva contaminated canal, respectively. The microleakage value in blood contaminated condition was significant lower than both dry and saliva contaminated conditions (P<0. 001) Conclusion: These results suggest that the sealing ability of CEM cement is reduced in blood-contaminated condition; but is not affected by saliva contamination. Prudently, more in vitro and animal studies are needed to confirm these results.